PAST DEDUCTIONS — Modal Perfect
Geçmişe Yönelik ÇıkarımlarMUST HAVE + V3 (~100%)
Certain deduction about the past
Geçmişe yönelik kesin çıkarım
She must have forgotten the meeting.
Toplantıyı kesinlikle unuttu.
He must have worked all night.
Bütün gece çalışmış olmalı.
They must have left before we arrived.
Biz gelmeden önce ayrılmış olmalılar.
MAY/MIGHT/COULD HAVE + V3
Uncertain guess about the past
Geçmişe yönelik kesin olmayan tahmin
He might have missed the last bus.
Son otobüsü kaçırmış olabilir.
She may have misunderstood the question.
Soruyu yanlış anlamış olabilir.
They could have got lost in the fog.
Siste kaybolmuş olabilirler.
CAN'T / COULDN'T HAVE + V3
Certain it did NOT happen
Geçmişte olmadığından emin olma
She can't have finished so fast.
Bu kadar hızlı bitirmiş olamaz.
He couldn't have known — nobody told him.
Biliyor olamazdı — ona kimse söylememişti.
They can't have seen us — it was too dark.
Bizi görmüş olamazlar — çok karanlıktı.
Hatırlatma: must have + V3 → kesin çıkarım · may/might/could have + V3 → belirsiz tahmin · can't/couldn't have + V3 → kesin imkânsızlık
📝 Mini Test — 10 Soru
Soru 1 / 10
I called him an hour ago but there was no answer. He _____ driving.
Soru 2 / 10
The window is broken. Someone _____ it while playing outside.
Soru 3 / 10
She answered every question correctly. She _____ very hard.
Soru 4 / 10
They _____ the match — they were out of town that day.
Soru 5 / 10
He _____ the email — he replied within seconds.
Soru 6 / 10
I'm not sure why she left early. She _____ been feeling unwell.
Soru 7 / 10
The thieves _____ through the front door — it was locked.
Soru 8 / 10
She looks upset. Something _____ her.
Soru 9 / 10
He _____ the train — he arrived an hour late.
Soru 10 / 10
They _____ the package — it was delivered to the wrong address.